<?php

namespace Database\Seeders;

use Illuminate\Database\Seeder;

/**
 * KBHealthResourcesQuestionsSeeder
 * Seeds 20 Q&A items for the Health Resources knowledge base category.
 * Content covers health informatics resources, guidelines, and standards
 * relevant to South Sudan and global health informatics.
 */
class KBHealthResourcesQuestionsSeeder extends Seeder
{
    use KBQuestionSeederHelper;

    public function run(): void
    {
        $this->seedQuestions('health-resources', $this->questions());
    }

    private function questions(): array
    {
        return [
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the WHO Global Health Observatory and how can South Sudan health workers use it?',
                'content'    => '<p>The WHO Global Health Observatory (GHO) is the World Health Organization primary gateway to health-related statistics for its 194 Member States. It provides access to over 1,000 health indicators covering mortality, disease burden, health systems, and the Sustainable Development Goals.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['WHO', 'Global Health Observatory', 'health statistics', 'data resources'],
                'is_featured' => true,
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>The WHO Global Health Observatory (GHO) at <strong>who.int/data/gho</strong> provides free access to health data for all WHO Member States, including South Sudan. South Sudan health workers and researchers can use the GHO to: access national health statistics and compare them with regional and global benchmarks; download data on disease burden, mortality, health workforce, and health financing; track progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to health; and access country profiles that summarise key health indicators. The GHO is particularly useful for policy briefs, research papers, and grant applications that require evidence of South Sudan health status.</p>',
                    '<p>To access South Sudan-specific data on the GHO, go to who.int/data/gho, click on <strong>Countries</strong>, and select <strong>South Sudan</strong>. You can download data in CSV or Excel format for further analysis. SSHIA training on health data analysis covers how to use the GHO and other international health databases effectively.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the South Sudan National Health Information System (NHIS) and how does it work?',
                'content'    => '<p>The South Sudan National Health Information System (NHIS) is the framework through which health data is collected, managed, analysed, and used to inform health policy and service delivery across the country.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['NHIS', 'national health information system', 'South Sudan', 'health data'],
                'is_featured' => true,
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>The South Sudan NHIS is coordinated by the Ministry of Health and encompasses all systems and processes for collecting, managing, and using health data at facility, county, state, and national levels. The primary platform is DHIS2, which aggregates routine health data from health facilities across all ten states. The NHIS also includes the Health Management Information System (HMIS) for facility-level data, the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system for disease surveillance, the iHRIS system for health workforce data, and the Health Facility Registry for facility information. Data flows from health facilities to county health departments, then to state ministries of health, and finally to the national level for analysis and reporting.</p>',
                    '<p>Key challenges facing the South Sudan NHIS include incomplete data reporting from facilities in conflict-affected areas, limited internet connectivity for real-time data submission, insufficient trained health information officers at facility level, and data quality issues. SSHIA works with the Ministry of Health and partners to address these challenges through training, advocacy, and technical support.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What are the WHO ICD-11 codes and why are they important for health workers in South Sudan?',
                'content'    => '<p>The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the global standard for recording, reporting, and monitoring diseases and health conditions. The latest version, ICD-11, was adopted by WHO Member States in 2019.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['ICD-11', 'disease classification', 'coding', 'WHO standards'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision) is the WHO standard for classifying diseases, injuries, causes of death, and health conditions. It provides a common language for health workers, researchers, and policymakers worldwide. For South Sudan health workers, ICD-11 is important for: accurate diagnosis coding in electronic health records; standardised disease reporting to the national health information system; mortality and morbidity statistics; insurance and billing (where applicable); and international health data comparisons. ICD-11 is available free of charge at icd.who.int and includes a browser, coding tool, and API for integration with health information systems.</p>',
                    '<p>South Sudan is in the process of transitioning from ICD-10 to ICD-11. Health workers who understand ICD coding can contribute to more accurate health data, which in turn supports better resource allocation and health planning. SSHIA offers training on ICD coding as part of its Health Information Systems training category.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system in South Sudan?',
                'content'    => '<p>The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) is the WHO Africa Region framework for disease surveillance that South Sudan uses to detect, report, and respond to disease outbreaks and public health emergencies.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['IDSR', 'disease surveillance', 'outbreak response', 'public health'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>IDSR is a strategy developed by the WHO Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) to strengthen national disease surveillance systems. In South Sudan, IDSR covers 28 priority diseases and conditions including malaria, cholera, measles, meningitis, acute watery diarrhoea, and viral haemorrhagic fevers. Health facilities are required to report IDSR data weekly to county health departments, which aggregate and forward reports to state and national levels. The system enables rapid detection of outbreaks and triggers a coordinated response. IDSR data is entered into DHIS2 and is used by the Ministry of Health, WHO, and partners for outbreak monitoring and response planning.</p>',
                    '<p>Key IDSR reporting requirements for health facilities include: immediate notification (within 24 hours) of epidemic-prone diseases such as cholera, Ebola, and meningitis; weekly reporting of all 28 priority diseases; and monthly reporting of aggregate data. Health workers who understand IDSR requirements can ensure their facility contributes to the national disease surveillance system. SSHIA offers training on IDSR reporting as part of its Health Information Systems training.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the malaria burden in South Sudan and what data resources are available?',
                'content'    => '<p>Malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in South Sudan. Understanding the malaria burden and accessing reliable data is essential for health workers, researchers, and policymakers.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['malaria', 'disease burden', 'South Sudan', 'epidemiology'],
                'is_featured' => true,
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>South Sudan has one of the highest malaria burdens in the world. According to WHO World Malaria Report data, South Sudan accounts for a significant proportion of malaria cases in the East African region. Key data resources for malaria in South Sudan include: the WHO World Malaria Report (published annually at who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports); the DHIS2 national health information system, which tracks malaria cases reported from health facilities; the Malaria Atlas Project (map.ox.ac.uk), which provides spatial data on malaria transmission intensity; and the South Sudan Ministry of Health annual health sector reports. These resources provide data on malaria incidence, prevalence, treatment coverage, and insecticide-treated net distribution.</p>',
                    '<p>Health workers in South Sudan can contribute to malaria data quality by ensuring accurate diagnosis (using rapid diagnostic tests or microscopy), complete case reporting through DHIS2, and timely notification of malaria outbreaks. SSHIA training on IDSR and DHIS2 covers malaria data reporting requirements and best practices.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What are the key health indicators used to measure health system performance in South Sudan?',
                'content'    => '<p>Health indicators are measurable values used to assess the performance of a health system and the health status of a population. Understanding key health indicators is essential for health informatics professionals in South Sudan.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['health indicators', 'health system performance', 'monitoring', 'evaluation'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>Key health indicators used in South Sudan include: <strong>Maternal health</strong> — maternal mortality ratio, antenatal care coverage, skilled birth attendance, postnatal care coverage; <strong>Child health</strong> — under-5 mortality rate, infant mortality rate, immunisation coverage (DPT3, measles), stunting prevalence; <strong>Disease burden</strong> — malaria incidence, HIV prevalence, tuberculosis notification rate, cholera case fatality rate; <strong>Health system</strong> — health facility density, health worker density, outpatient attendance rate, bed occupancy rate; <strong>Health financing</strong> — government health expenditure as % of total government expenditure, out-of-pocket health expenditure. These indicators are tracked through DHIS2, household surveys (MICS, DHS), and facility assessments.</p>',
                    '<p>The South Sudan Health Sector Development Plan (HSDP) sets targets for key health indicators. Health informatics professionals play a critical role in ensuring that data is collected, reported, and analysed accurately so that progress towards these targets can be monitored. SSHIA training on health data analysis covers how to calculate, interpret, and present health indicators.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the HL7 FHIR standard and is it relevant to South Sudan?',
                'content'    => '<p>HL7 FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) is an international standard for exchanging healthcare information electronically. It is increasingly important for health information system interoperability globally.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'advanced',
                'tags'       => ['HL7 FHIR', 'interoperability', 'health data standards', 'digital health'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>HL7 FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) is a standard developed by Health Level Seven International (HL7) for exchanging healthcare information between different health information systems. FHIR uses modern web technologies (REST APIs, JSON, XML) to enable seamless data exchange between systems such as electronic health records, laboratory systems, pharmacy systems, and national health information platforms. In South Sudan, FHIR is relevant as the country develops its digital health infrastructure and seeks to integrate multiple health information systems. OpenMRS, which is used in some South Sudan health facilities, supports FHIR, enabling integration with other FHIR-compliant systems.</p>',
                    '<p>While FHIR implementation is still at an early stage in South Sudan, health informatics professionals who understand FHIR will be well-positioned to contribute to the country digital health transformation. SSHIA plans to introduce FHIR training as part of its advanced digital health curriculum. In the meantime, the HL7 FHIR documentation is available free at hl7.org/fhir and includes tutorials and implementation guides.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the OpenHIE framework and how does it apply to South Sudan?',
                'content'    => '<p>OpenHIE (Open Health Information Exchange) is a global community and framework for designing and implementing health information exchange architectures in low- and middle-income countries.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'advanced',
                'tags'       => ['OpenHIE', 'health information exchange', 'interoperability', 'architecture'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>OpenHIE is a community of practice that provides an open-source architecture for health information exchange. The OpenHIE architecture includes components such as a Client Registry (for unique patient identification), a Facility Registry (for health facility data), a Shared Health Record (for longitudinal patient records), a Terminology Service (for standardised coding), and an Interoperability Layer (for routing messages between systems). In South Sudan, elements of the OpenHIE architecture are being implemented as part of the national digital health strategy, including the Health Facility Registry and efforts to establish a unique patient identifier. Health informatics professionals who understand OpenHIE can contribute to the design and implementation of interoperable health information systems in South Sudan.</p>',
                    '<p>The OpenHIE community provides free resources, training materials, and technical support at ohie.org. SSHIA collaborates with the OpenHIE community and other digital health partners to promote the adoption of open standards and architectures in South Sudan health information systems.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the WHO Essential Medicines List and how is it used in South Sudan?',
                'content'    => '<p>The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines identifies the medicines that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. South Sudan uses this list as the basis for its national essential medicines list.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['essential medicines', 'WHO', 'pharmacy', 'medicines list'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML), updated every two years, identifies medicines that address the priority health needs of populations worldwide. South Sudan National Essential Medicines List (NEML) is based on the WHO EML and adapted to the local disease burden and health system capacity. The NEML guides procurement, supply chain management, and prescribing practices in South Sudan health facilities. Health informatics professionals can use the NEML data to track medicine availability, monitor stock-outs, and analyse prescribing patterns through health information systems. The WHO EML is available free at who.int/groups/expert-committee-on-selection-and-use-of-essential-medicines.</p>',
                    '<p>Medicine availability data is collected through the South Sudan Health Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) and reported through DHIS2. Health workers who accurately report medicine stock levels contribute to better supply chain planning and reduced stock-outs, which directly improves patient care.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) and what does it mean for South Sudan?',
                'content'    => '<p>SDG 3 — Good Health and Well-Being — is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals adopted by UN Member States in 2015. It sets ambitious targets for improving health outcomes globally by 2030.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['SDG 3', 'sustainable development goals', 'global health', 'health targets'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>SDG 3 aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Key targets relevant to South Sudan include: reducing the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births; ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5; ending the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases; achieving universal health coverage; and strengthening the capacity of all countries for health security. South Sudan faces significant challenges in achieving these targets due to conflict, displacement, and limited health infrastructure. Health informatics plays a critical role in tracking progress towards SDG 3 targets through data collection, analysis, and reporting.</p>',
                    '<p>The WHO Global Health Observatory provides SDG 3 indicator data for South Sudan, allowing comparison with regional and global benchmarks. SSHIA members can access this data to understand where South Sudan stands on SDG 3 targets and identify priority areas for health informatics interventions.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the Africa CDC and what resources does it provide for South Sudan?',
                'content'    => '<p>The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) is a specialised technical institution of the African Union that supports African Member States in strengthening health systems and disease surveillance.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['Africa CDC', 'disease control', 'African Union', 'public health'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>Africa CDC was established in 2017 and provides technical support, training, and resources to African Union Member States including South Sudan. Key resources available from Africa CDC include: disease surveillance data and outbreak alerts; technical guidelines for disease prevention and control; training programmes for public health professionals; the Africa CDC Public Health Institute network; and the Africa CDC Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative (Africa PGI) for genomic surveillance. South Sudan health professionals can access Africa CDC resources at africacdc.org. Africa CDC played a major role in coordinating the COVID-19 response across Africa and continues to support health security preparedness.</p>',
                    '<p>SSHIA collaborates with Africa CDC and the East African Community (EAC) health programmes to ensure that South Sudan health informatics professionals are connected to regional health security networks and have access to the latest guidelines and resources for disease surveillance and response.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the Global Fund and how does it support health in South Sudan?',
                'content'    => '<p>The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is an international financing organisation that raises and invests funds to accelerate the end of AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria as epidemics.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['Global Fund', 'HIV', 'tuberculosis', 'malaria', 'health financing'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>The Global Fund provides significant financial support to South Sudan for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria programmes. Global Fund grants support the procurement of medicines and diagnostics, health worker training, community health programmes, and health information system strengthening. Health informatics professionals in South Sudan play a critical role in Global Fund-supported programmes by managing the data systems used to track programme performance, report results to the Global Fund, and ensure accountability for grant funds. The Global Fund requires grantees to report on a set of key performance indicators using standardised data collection tools, many of which are integrated into DHIS2.</p>',
                    '<p>South Sudan health professionals involved in Global Fund-supported programmes can access programme guidelines, reporting templates, and technical resources at theglobalfund.org. SSHIA training on health data management and DHIS2 is directly relevant to the data reporting requirements of Global Fund grants.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the PEPFAR programme and its role in South Sudan HIV response?',
                'content'    => '<p>PEPFAR (President Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) is the US Government initiative to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. It is one of the largest funders of HIV programmes in South Sudan.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['PEPFAR', 'HIV', 'AIDS', 'health financing', 'South Sudan'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>PEPFAR has been active in South Sudan since 2004 and supports HIV prevention, testing, treatment, and care programmes across the country. PEPFAR-funded programmes in South Sudan are implemented through partners including USAID, CDC, and NGOs. Health informatics is central to PEPFAR programming — all PEPFAR-supported facilities are required to report data using standardised indicators through the DATIM (Data for Accountability, Transparency and Impact Monitoring) system. Health informatics professionals working in PEPFAR-supported facilities need to understand DATIM data entry, data quality requirements, and reporting timelines. PEPFAR programme data is publicly available at pepfar.gov/data.</p>',
                    '<p>SSHIA members working in HIV programmes can benefit from PEPFAR-funded training on health data management, DATIM, and HIV programme monitoring and evaluation. SSHIA collaborates with PEPFAR implementing partners to ensure that health informatics training is aligned with PEPFAR data requirements.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the South Sudan Health Sector Development Plan and where can I access it?',
                'content'    => '<p>The South Sudan Health Sector Development Plan (HSDP) is the national strategic framework that guides health sector investments and interventions over a multi-year period.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['HSDP', 'health policy', 'strategic plan', 'South Sudan Ministry of Health'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>The South Sudan Health Sector Development Plan (HSDP) is developed by the Ministry of Health in consultation with health sector partners and sets out the vision, strategic objectives, and priority interventions for the health sector over a 5-year period. The HSDP covers health service delivery, health workforce, health information systems, health financing, medicines and supplies, and governance. Health informatics professionals should be familiar with the HSDP as it provides the policy context for health information system investments and priorities. The current HSDP is available on the South Sudan Ministry of Health website and through the WHO South Sudan country office.</p>',
                    '<p>The HSDP includes a monitoring and evaluation framework with indicators and targets that are tracked through the national health information system. SSHIA members who understand the HSDP can better align their work with national health priorities and contribute to evidence-based health planning and policy.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the role of community health workers in South Sudan health data collection?',
                'content'    => '<p>Community health workers (CHWs) are a critical link between communities and the formal health system in South Sudan, particularly in remote areas where health facilities are scarce.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['community health workers', 'CHW', 'community health', 'data collection'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>Community health workers in South Sudan collect health data at the community level, including household surveys, disease surveillance, immunisation coverage, and maternal and child health data. This data is reported to health facilities and county health departments, where it is entered into DHIS2 and contributes to the national health information system. CHWs use paper-based registers and, increasingly, mobile data collection tools (such as ODK and KoBoToolbox) to record and submit data. Health informatics professionals can support CHW data quality by designing simple, user-friendly data collection tools, providing training on data recording, and establishing feedback mechanisms that show CHWs how their data is used.</p>',
                    '<p>SSHIA is developing training materials specifically for community health workers on basic health data collection and reporting. These materials are designed to be accessible to CHWs with limited formal education and are available in English and selected South Sudanese languages. Contact the SSHIA Training Department for more information.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the WHO AFRO Health Information and Statistics framework?',
                'content'    => '<p>The WHO Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) provides a framework for strengthening health information and statistics systems across the African region, including South Sudan.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'advanced',
                'tags'       => ['WHO AFRO', 'health statistics', 'Africa', 'health information framework'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>The WHO AFRO Health Information and Statistics framework supports African countries in strengthening their national health information systems through technical assistance, capacity building, and standardisation of health data collection and reporting. Key components of the framework include: the IDSR system for disease surveillance; the Health Facility Assessment (HFA) for facility-level data; the District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) as the primary platform for routine health data; and the Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) system for births, deaths, and causes of death. WHO AFRO provides technical support to South Sudan through the WHO South Sudan country office and regional technical teams.</p>',
                    '<p>South Sudan health informatics professionals can access WHO AFRO resources, guidelines, and training materials at afro.who.int. SSHIA maintains a close working relationship with WHO South Sudan and WHO AFRO to ensure that SSHIA training and advocacy are aligned with regional health information system standards and priorities.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the SNOMED CT terminology standard and is it used in South Sudan?',
                'content'    => '<p>SNOMED CT (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms) is the most comprehensive clinical terminology system in the world, used to standardise clinical data in electronic health records.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'advanced',
                'tags'       => ['SNOMED CT', 'clinical terminology', 'health data standards', 'EHR'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>SNOMED CT is a comprehensive, multilingual clinical healthcare terminology that provides a standardised way to represent clinical information in electronic health records. It covers diagnoses, procedures, findings, body structures, organisms, and other clinical concepts. SNOMED CT is maintained by SNOMED International and is used in over 80 countries. In South Sudan, SNOMED CT is not yet widely implemented, but it is relevant as the country develops its electronic health record infrastructure. OpenMRS, which is used in some South Sudan facilities, supports SNOMED CT concepts. Health informatics professionals who understand SNOMED CT will be well-positioned to contribute to EHR implementation projects.</p>',
                    '<p>SNOMED CT is available free of charge to Member countries of SNOMED International. South Sudan can access SNOMED CT through the WHO and SNOMED International partnership for low- and middle-income countries. SSHIA plans to include SNOMED CT in its advanced health informatics curriculum as EHR adoption grows in South Sudan.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the LOINC standard and how is it used in health informatics?',
                'content'    => '<p>LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes) is a universal standard for identifying medical laboratory observations and clinical measurements, enabling consistent data exchange between health systems.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'advanced',
                'tags'       => ['LOINC', 'laboratory standards', 'clinical observations', 'health data standards'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>LOINC is a freely available standard developed by the Regenstrief Institute that provides universal codes for laboratory tests, clinical observations, and measurements. It enables different health information systems to exchange laboratory and clinical data in a standardised way. For example, a malaria rapid diagnostic test result can be coded with a specific LOINC code, allowing the result to be understood by any LOINC-compliant system. In South Sudan, LOINC is relevant for laboratory information systems and electronic health records that need to exchange test results with other systems. OpenMRS supports LOINC coding for laboratory observations.</p>',
                    '<p>LOINC is available free at loinc.org and includes a comprehensive database of over 90,000 terms. SSHIA training on clinical informatics and laboratory information systems covers LOINC and its application in South Sudan health facilities.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What is the Digital Health Atlas and how can South Sudan use it?',
                'content'    => '<p>The Digital Health Atlas is a global registry of digital health implementations that helps countries map, coordinate, and scale digital health solutions.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'intermediate',
                'tags'       => ['Digital Health Atlas', 'digital health', 'mHealth', 'health technology'],
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>The Digital Health Atlas (digitalhealthatlas.org) is a WHO-supported platform that allows countries to register and track digital health implementations, including mobile health apps, electronic health records, telemedicine systems, and health information platforms. By registering digital health implementations in the Atlas, South Sudan can: avoid duplication of digital health investments; identify opportunities for scaling successful solutions; facilitate coordination between implementing partners; and contribute to the global evidence base for digital health. Health informatics professionals in South Sudan are encouraged to register their digital health projects in the Atlas and to use it to identify existing solutions that could be adapted for the South Sudan context.</p>',
                    '<p>SSHIA maintains a register of digital health implementations in South Sudan and contributes this data to the Digital Health Atlas. Members who are implementing digital health projects are encouraged to contact SSHIA to ensure their project is included in the national digital health landscape mapping.</p>',
                ],
            ],
            [
                'title'      => 'What are the key data privacy and security considerations for health information systems in South Sudan?',
                'content'    => '<p>Data privacy and security are fundamental principles of health informatics. Health information systems in South Sudan must protect patient data while enabling its use for health service delivery and public health purposes.</p>',
                'difficulty' => 'advanced',
                'tags'       => ['data privacy', 'data security', 'patient confidentiality', 'health data governance'],
                'is_featured' => true,
                'answers'    => [
                    '<p>Key data privacy and security considerations for health information systems in South Sudan include: <strong>Patient confidentiality</strong> — patient health data must be protected from unauthorised access and disclosure; <strong>Data minimisation</strong> — only collect data that is necessary for the intended purpose; <strong>Access controls</strong> — implement role-based access controls so that only authorised users can access sensitive data; <strong>Data encryption</strong> — encrypt data in transit and at rest to protect against interception and theft; <strong>Audit trails</strong> — maintain logs of who accessed or modified data and when; <strong>Data backup</strong> — regularly back up data to prevent loss due to system failure or disaster; <strong>Staff training</strong> — train all staff who handle health data on privacy and security responsibilities. South Sudan does not yet have a comprehensive data protection law, but health facilities are expected to follow international best practices and the ethical principles of the health professions.</p>',
                    '<p>SSHIA advocates for the development of a national health data governance framework for South Sudan that includes data privacy legislation, data sharing agreements, and standards for health data security. In the meantime, SSHIA provides guidance to members on implementing data privacy and security best practices in their organisations. The WHO guidance on health data governance and the Africa CDC data privacy framework are useful references for South Sudan health informatics professionals.</p>',
                ],
            ],
        ];
    }
}
